Evolution of the biosphere

By static commonwealth figures include their bend, minginess and performance anatomical structure. democracy - is the itemise of animals or the form of plants much(prenominal) as trees , at heart a spatial whole - bowl , river basin , the ocean field of battle , ambit, area . Density - the come of individuals per unit area , for example , macrocosm stringency - the number of people per unitary square kilometer , or to aquatic organisms - is the number of individuals per unit volume per liter or solid meter. Indicators of the structure : provoke - sex proportion , size - the symmetry of the number of individuals of contrastive sizes, age - the symmetry of the number of individuals of various ages in the universe.\nThe number of those or various animals is persistent by various methods. For example, reckoning from the airplane or helicopter everywhereflights in the territory . The number of aquatic organisms was heady by trap their networks ( fish) for microscopic ( phytoplankton, zooplankton ) development special metre tanks .\nThe number of adult male existence is unyielding by the number of the entire state , its administrative units . tribe size and structure of the nation ( social , professional, age, sex ) is of peachy economic and environmental significance. The population density is unsexd by excluding non-uniform distribution of individuals in the square or in the people , we obtain the sightly density of animals , trees , adult male population per unit area or microscopic algae per unit volume.\nterritorial reserve boundaries can be very sprightly . Reliably determined at the delimitation of non-migratory animals ( rodents , molluscs ) that create the supposed local populations . In moving bounce is difficult to determine , for example, elk , and so the birds that are short to mig direct and constitute in bear-sized areas . Limit the chance of settlement , twain biotic and abiotic factors . Of b iotic environmental factors are primarily those of predators and competitors, neglect of food resources , and the bias of abiotic valuation account define populations to environmental factors.\nThe intimately important particularise for the existence of its population or ecotype is their tolerance to environmental factors. allowance in different individuals and different split of the spectrum is different , so the tolerance of the population is much broader than that of individuals. thus , the properties of the population is significantly different from those of the individuals , which is particularly evident in the population propellants. changing indicators of populations. \nDynamic indicators remember the processes occurring in a population over a pointedness of time . The main(prenominal) populations are energising indicators of fertility, mortality and population growth come out . Fertility or fertility rate - the number of individuals born(p) in the populati on per unit time. When considering the map of ecosystems other dynamic index - products - the center of attention of weight come along all individuals from a variety of populations of biogenic community for a certain flowing of time.