Vaccine Testing :: essays research papers

human immunodeficiency virus Vaccine examination in Africa     The United Nations estimates that 5.8 one thousand million mass per year become give with the immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus). Ninety percent of these infections transcend in sub- Saharan Africa, where septic persons do not have approach to antiviral therapy. Approximately 2.4 million Africans died of AIDS in 2002, and 3.5 million occurred in the region. Where in the United States $12,000-$15,000 is usually spent on treating an human immunodeficiency virus-infected person per year, that $6 is spent annually per person in Uganda.     The only rule presently available to bar the spread of HIV in less-developed countries is advocate against the behaviors that increase the risk of infection. Its obvious that a vaccinum would be more beneficial to these countries. there are several HIV vaccines in various stages of development that aim to be time-tes ted to see their effectiveness. It seems tenable to carry out much(prenominal) trials in less-developed countries.     Since 1984, when HIV was identified as the ca drop of AIDS, the development of a HIV vaccine has been a finale for the science world. Researchers have m whatsoever other(prenominal) different strategies that may lead to an effective HIV vaccine. Scientists take downcast parts of the HIV virus and swap them in a research lab to create synthetic copies. The experimental vaccines do not use on the whole or live HIV. The vaccines cannot cause HIV or AIDS. The vaccines being tested should produce either antibodies or cytotoxic T cells to fight the infection.     thither are several types of experimental HIV vaccines. A peptide vaccine is make of tiny pieces of proteins from the HIV virus. The recombinant subunit protein vaccine is do of bigger pieces of proteins from the HIV virus. Examples of a recombinant subunit prote in are gp120, gp140, or gp160 produced by genetic engineering. The deoxyribonucleic acid vaccine uses copies of a small egress of HIV genes which are inserted into pieces of deoxyribonucleic acid called plasmids. The HIV genes will produce proteins very similar to the ones from real HIV. A live vector vaccine is made of HIV genes that have been taken out of the virus and altered. The genes are inserted into another vector, which carries them into the bodys cells. The genes in turn produce proteins that are usually found on the uprise of the HIV virus. This type of vaccine close to resembles the HIV virus still isnt harmful. Many vaccines that are apply today, like the smallpox vaccine, use this method. A vaccine combination uses any two vaccines, one later on another, to create a stronger immune response.Vaccine Testing essays research written documentHIV Vaccine Testing in Africa     The United Nations estimates that 5.8 million people per year bec ome infected with the immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ninety percent of these infections occur in sub- Saharan Africa, where infected persons do not have access to antiviral therapy. Approximately 2.4 million Africans died of AIDS in 2002, and 3.5 million occurred in the region. Where in the United States $12,000-$15,000 is usually spent on treating an HIV-infected person per year, only $6 is spent annually per person in Uganda.     The only method presently available to prevent the spread of HIV in less-developed countries is counseling against the behaviors that increase the risk of infection. Its obvious that a vaccine would be more beneficial to these countries. There are several HIV vaccines in various stages of development that need to be tested to see their effectiveness. It seems reasonable to carry out such trials in less-developed countries.     Since 1984, when HIV was identified as the cause of AIDS, the development of a HIV vaccine has been a goal for the science world. Researchers have many different strategies that may lead to an effective HIV vaccine. Scientists take small parts of the HIV virus and change them in a laboratory to create synthetic copies. The experimental vaccines do not use whole or live HIV. The vaccines cannot cause HIV or AIDS. The vaccines being tested should produce either antibodies or cytotoxic T cells to fight the infection.     There are several types of experimental HIV vaccines. A peptide vaccine is made of tiny pieces of proteins from the HIV virus. The recombinant subunit protein vaccine is made of bigger pieces of proteins from the HIV virus. Examples of a recombinant subunit protein are gp120, gp140, or gp160 produced by genetic engineering. The DNA vaccine uses copies of a small number of HIV genes which are inserted into pieces of DNA called plasmids. The HIV genes will produce proteins very similar to the ones from real HIV. A live vector vaccine is mad e of HIV genes that have been taken out of the virus and altered. The genes are inserted into another vector, which carries them into the bodys cells. The genes in turn produce proteins that are normally found on the surface of the HIV virus. This type of vaccine most resembles the HIV virus but isnt harmful. Many vaccines that are used today, like the smallpox vaccine, use this method. A vaccine combination uses any two vaccines, one after another, to create a stronger immune response.