Office Visit Essay Example for Free

Office Visit EssayDHL is known for its reputation and service throughout the institution. Major online vendors like Amazon. com and Barnes Nobles as well as several other industries employ DHL speed post service to deliver their items and couriers to their clients. It has been an immense pleasure to image one of their branch humanity powers and the layout of their lick as well as their office has certainly been impressive.As time becomes to a greater extent and more precious in the world of today, people are willing to invest into time-saving services. DHL has undoubtedly been one of them. Several industries involved in marketing and sales on a global hind end employ their services cod to the reputation it holds in the industry. From receiving express packages and couriers to sending express packages and couriers, DHL has been well-known for its reputation in the express mail and courier installation and its reliability for grapheme service.Though its major task has most commonly been linked with the express mail task, the DHL industry spreads itself into various other industrial sectors as well such as audio visual and telecommunications, electronics telecom, enterprise computer systems, fashion and fashion solutions, global automotive solutions, pharma/healthcare and semiconductors. DHL reads an amazing live history. Founded by Adrian Dalsey, Larry Hillbolm and Robert Lynn from their last names (DHL), DHL was established in the year 1969 via first express route that started from San Francisco to Honolulu, the advantage of DHL didnt just stop thither.Serving as a foundation for innovative nouss, DHL was the first in its industry to provide documentation prior to the arrival of the cargoes that rushed the route of importing of goods. Due to its honest express service, it began to gain its recognition in the industry and this also initiated to smash its routes from Hawaii and Far East to as far as the Middle East. By 1988, DHL could be fou nd in more than 170 countries and employing more than 16,000 employees in its firm. DHL offers a lucrative line of achievement for those involved in the sales and marketing field. The career options are some, including start up-time as well as freelance.While the current estimate of the number of people hired is difficult as of 2005 statistics, DHL had employed more than 110,000 employees in more than 200 countries (DHL, 2007). In the current office visit, there were around 50 employees assisting in the tasks involved in delivery and customer service, the point in time of whom. It mainly sightt with dealing calls from customers and answering several queries with respect to the orders placed by their gild. The office layout is impressive. Designed into several cubicles, this expression ensured decorous space for each employee to impart in giving them their privacy (Martin, 2001).However, there are a few disadvantages linked with such kind of architecture. Id prefer the DHL t eam to work without walls. The recent article on office cubicles and the joy of employees related to the demise of the cubicles is a proof enough to show that though cubicles grants privacy, it is not the best structure for offices to work effectively (Lotozo, 2006) In cubicles, we hold in walls separating one employee from another thereby giving privacy but in todays management, the best room to work is to work in teams.This requires the employees to work together and of course, without the presence of walls. As Marilyn S. Burroughs in her article entitled, Work spaces that work designing graduate(prenominal) performance offices states, The incoming will see more teams that function as amoebae expanding and contracting, blurring both the center and the boundaries. Teams will be disposable, sometimes lasting only several hours theyll be all in all elastic, coming in all sizes, and people will slip in and out of them instantly.And office designs will accommodate these ever chang ing teams Flexibility, spontaneity, and the need to be fluid applies to the physical environment as well as to work processes The growth of teams is helping to eliminate functional silos and to flatten organizations because teams require faster, clearer, more direct, and more spontaneous communication. Teaming requires a less-structured atmosphere, one that is much more informal, participatory, and flexible (Burroughs, 1996).The other section of the DHL department contained the packages that were delivered by trucks to the office (the office visited was one of the DHL branch present in my city) and the packages were neatly arranged according to their localities in the storage room. Each package was handled carefully by each employee as they are responsible for the proper delivery of the package and any harm to the courier package would mean refunds from the customer from the firm responsible for the courier.The type of workload that DHL handles varies from customer service (attendin g calls, queries and eve e-mailing that involves the use of computers) to handling courier packages. An attendant is always ready at hand to answer any queries for visitors and the work space ensures that the customer is comfortable. Though the office is divided into cubicles, a comfortable space for the customers has been designed. The space has sofas and is moderately lit.The marketing strategies of DHL have been extremely successful in yielding business on a global basis and its success has been evident since its inception. As of recent, DHL won the contract from RE/Max engagement. It was a multimillion dollar agreement with the company that has a network from over 60 countries with 119,000 franchises. The company will now employ DHL services for express and international shipping (Business Wire, 2007). The winning of the multimillion contracts itself is a proof of its successful marketing and contract strategies.The business has been successful since the year of its inception. DHL, of recent, employs more than 300,000 employees throughout the world. The online tool that helps in the shipping tracking on an either-day basis has been extremely useful for many customers who wish to monitor their packages. Furthermore, the DHL merged with the Deutsche Post Euro Express (that is the leading postal provider in Germany and Europe) thereby giving DHL the access to an extensive reliable pass network through Europe for business and private clients (Business Wire, 2006).Therefore, the kind of offices that DHL requires is the one that assists with the needs of the employees and the customers. Since there are many vendors and merchants who have partnered with DHL, an office specifically addressing the company inquiries plays a live use. The future plans of the DHL are many, one of which has been stated by the Deutsche Post Euro Express is the employment of robots. Hermann Franck, the DHL master mind calls this as the Cinderella feature where he states, Developers also plan to integrate RFID technology into the parcel robot.The idea is simple. With transponders placed on parcels and the robot being equipped with a reading device, the machine could lay the contents of the parcel during the gripping process. The robot would be able to pick through the parcels, just like Cinderella picking through the ashes to find the lentils, explains DHLs mastermind Hermann Franck. The idea is not to put the bad into the crop, as the second-rateytale goes, but to sort the parcels according to specific destination criteria, for instance (Deutsche Post World Net, 2007).As DHL continues to expand itself in various areas, it comes with refreshing ideas as well. The DHL Company has an innovation center that addresses the needs of customers and becoming their first choice as well. DHL has been continuously involved in evolving itself technologically and keeps itself in pace with the current events and machines that would facilitate in the development of the com pany in every way. The modern architecture of today plays a vital character reference in the successes of such companies.While the DHL office visit truly gave an insight into a companys goals, aspirations and statuses, the business architecture is worth appraising. A business architecture, as stated by the BPM institute is, comprehensive modeling used to manage and align an organizations business processes, Information Technology (IT) packet and hardware, local and wide area networks, people, operations and projects with the organizations overall strategy (BPMinstitute. org, 2007). The DHL office is equipped with the latest tracking software package with internet availability.The company has also been mean in performing regular checks on technology where it employs the latest to aid in the innovative express service that it offers to its customers. The business has been steadily growing and every year, it has marked a progress by improving its technology on a yearly basis. Toda y, the trend of education architecture plays a vital role in the businesses and thus, the successes of the businesses mainly rely on what kind of information architecture has been or is being used by the business.As Judith Lamont in her article, Setting the spirit level for success- information architecture earns performance kudos from customers states, Information architecture is the process of organizing and structuring information so that it is logical in design and presentation. It establishes categories and relationships among different pieces of information. It defines metadata schemes, navigation and look to interfaces. Good architecture not only helps users find information, but also facilitates updating content by having clear rules for adding new information.And its effects show boundary on the bottom line with surprising speed when users can get what they need in just a few clicks (Lamont, 2003). The basic structure that DHL uses is the information architecture. Howev er, it also implements the enterprise architectural strategy in order to expand its business further. Every businesss architecture plays a vital role in its success as it acts like a blue print for renewal and technology modernization.In the current office visit, I found that due to the high success rates, the employees are happy to serve their satisfied clients in every way they can. Therefore, they create a premise that works effectively in creating a comfortable and good office environment for workers as well as customers. The DHL Company has been found to work with good working ethics and therefore, if there were any further improvements that could be suggested to this company, it could be on the basis of the enterprise architecture where it can satisfy the workers and the clients to a greater extent than it does today.The DHL incorporates seven cultures in its company where it believes that employing highly talented people in its office actually boosts the status of being a re sponsible global corporate. Furthermore, it strives to deliver excellent quality and fosters openness. The company also acknowledges its social responsibility as well as strives to act in an entrepreneurial manner. This makes the company look professional and therefore, is the key success to all its ventures.Since it abides by the seven corporate cultures identified, the employees abide by it acknowledging its essence in the industry. Regular training and rewards are given to employees who perform well in their work. The DHL Company also believes that it is through its seven corporate cultures that it poses a stiff competition for its competitors. The benefits of enterprise architecture have been proved efficient in the world of today. If DHL wants to pursue its interests and expansions further, it should acknowledge the essence of enterprise architecture and therefore, as R.Suter in his article entitled, Securing strategic benefit from enterprise architecture states, Enterprise arc hitecture enables the transformation of organizations into efficient users of capital, be it human/intellectual, organizational, or technical. It does so by identifying capability and resource requirements of the agency mission before resources are committed to development, thereby minimizing the risk of infection of costly rework and schedule overruns identifying reuse and streamlining opportunities for technologies, processes, procedures, and information assets.During subsequent development, architecture also enables the management of out-of-scope changes which, however meritorious, would derail subsequent modernization efforts (Suter, 2007). The proper framework of any organization helps in the building of a successful business and therefore, only a proper architecture that updates and aligns itself with the business policies of today can view that the business can be successful. Management itself is considered a part of architecture that ensures that there is a continuous deve lopment.DHLs business plans have been consistent and successes have been evident. The fact that it provides excellent client and customer service is the reason why many companies prefer to deal with DHL though some of its prices may seem high compared to its competitors. DHL maintains itself by sustaining its ties through its sustaining program where it helps sustain environment (which is a social responsibility), economic performance (by promoting sustainable economic development), people and communities (by providing employment opportunities) and many more.It helps in the continuous development of talents for its employees by offering employment training and development programs. Thus, an employee working with DHL is continuously updated and its corporate values help in maintaining a fair attitude towards its employees. The ethical understanding of the DHL Company is evident through its sustaining programs that highlight on equal opportunities and also promotes general health prom otion campaigns followed by providing an warning management program that rewards the efficient and hardworking employees (DHL International, 2007).Maintaining such a network has helped DHL to advance further and I believe the management style of DHL is absolutely efficient in delivering success to its members and thus, is well managed. As DHL further undergoes expansion, it is evident that there is a scope for further additions to its offices throughout the world and if any recommendation is to be offered, I believe it would be asking the DHL to comprehend the significance of software architecture in the world of today.Basically, it is just a blue print for constructing new products and therefore, as DHL aims to be innovative in its methods (thereby providing satisfactory service to its clients and customers) an expansion into the software architectural strategy would be a wonderful addition. The easy part about the software architecture would be that it wouldnt require any install ations but would products based on software architecture are installed. The role of software architectural strategy is to account for the entire development of the product that is normally done by various sectors such as building and configuring.Since several sectors of DHL deal with several aspects of technology, the software architectural strategy would provide a fundamental base for the development of new products with innovative ideas (Sanders, 1992). This is the IBMs Distributed Data Management architecture and is meant for distributed application a service which is similar to the one we encounter in DHL Company. This would only serve as an innovative step for the DHL to proceed further in order to satisfy the clients and customers it sustains in its database.

The Triumph of Science Over Religion In the West Essay Example for Free

The Triumph of Science Over Religion In the West EssayBy the sextetteenth century, the Western ingest with pietism had turned bitter. The Catholic Reformation, also referred to as a Counter Reformation, was a response to the great Protestant Reformation in Europe during this finis of time. There were two elements of the Catholic Reformation. First of all, Catholics were being called for a renewal of piety and of virtue in the form of re-create commitments to prayer as advantageously as mysticism. This component of the Reformation was particularly evident in the clerical orders. The ordinary folks had nothing whatsoever to do with this component of the Reformation, seeing that nonetheless the clerical orders were not looked upon as worthy guides. Secondly, the Church was being asked to reform in order to deal with unparalleled as well as spry changes in society, and abuses that accompanied those changes.There was turbulence witnessed in the societal structure, and one of the reasons why it was necessary to initiate the Catholic Reformation was that the humanists had revived classical pagan philosophy in the fifteenth century, using the new miracle of printing to shift the attention of society from the after life to the present. At the same time as the classical pagan philosophy was being circulated, the Church was going through a period of decline with a desiccation of scholastic thinking. Internal abuses at the Church were also well-known, and these tortuous simony, the sale of indulges, multiple benefices, and much more.The Church could not be trusted as much as it was meant to be. As a matter of fact, the condition of religion in the sixteenth century was characterized by turmoil. King Henry VIII of England created the Church of England in the year 1533 A.D. by split from the Roman Catholic Church. Around the same time, the French Wars of Religion were waged between the Catholics and the Huguenots in France. How much confusion such chaos would have given descent to in the minds of Western Christians with respect to their religion could nevertheless be imagined. Christianity was, after all, supposed to be a religion of peace and unconditional love. The Western religion around 1500 A.D. was chiefly Christian, and the sixteenth century has been described as probably the most intolerant period in Christian history.It was not the scientists that were killed during this time because they came up with new ideas. Rather, in the sixteenth century, there were thousands of people that were killed because they were called heretics. Michael Servetus was only one such individual. He was burned in 1553 A.D., alive, on the order of John Calvin in addition to the city authorities, because he had made theological speculations that Calvin was sure were falsehoods. To put it another way, the phantasmal authorities of the time would not allow people correct to deviate in their thinking with respect to religion. Christians of the West wer e required to think of Christianity in the way that the religious authorities felt was appropriate.Critical thinking or questioning was not allowed by any means. What is more, the religious authorities themselves were known to be corrupt enough for places of worship to be closed down. Lindsay Clarke reports In January, 1535, the impudently appointed Vicar-General of the English Church, Thomas Cromwell, sent out his agents to conduct a commission of enquiry into the character and value of all ecclesiastical property in the kingdom. Overtly, they were reformers, exercising the new powers accorded to the Crown by the Act of Supremacy from time to time to visit, repress, redress, reform, order, correct, restrain and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offences, contempts and enormities . . . which ought or may be lawfully reformed. But Dr. Ric bad Layton, Dr. Thomas Legh, Dr. John London, and the other tough-minded and venal officials chosen for the job had no doubt what the Crown expected of them.It took them only six months to submit for Cromwells scrutiny an accurate and detailed tax-book, the Valor Ecclesiasticus. Along with it came evidence of corruption and scandalous immorality in Englands monasteries. Such evidence was not hard to find, for by the 16th century many of the religious houses had long since lost their sense of purpose. The religious turbulence of the sixteenth century was continued into the seventeenth century. The organization of England had become known for its harassment of Catholics as well as Jesuits. On 20 May 1604, certain religious men began to plot the destruction of the politics after having heard Mass. A priest knew of this plotting, and was made to pay the price of this knowledge later on.And yet, the religious authorities of the Near and Far East were not facing religious turmoil around this time. Nor were the people of the advanced civilizations of the Near and Far East being confronted with religious confusion. Furthermo re, scientists of the Near East were especially involved with their work during the sixteenth century, as for a number of centuries before. The Ottoman astronomer, Taqi al-Din, created astronomical tables in the sixteenth century. These tables were considered as accurate as the ones made by Tycho Brahe in Denmark during the same period of time. All the same, the Ottomans are known to have ceased their support for scientific innovations and research a century later, as their priorities took a shift.The West, however, continued scientific explorations even after the sixteenth century. The East had maintained its religions. It was only the West that had showed immense intolerance toward different religious beliefs and practices, even with respect to its own faith. Whereas religious authorities stopped Westerners from thinking and reasoning, science opened up a new world to the ordinary people. They were not called heretics because of their new scientific ideas. Rather, people who came up with new scientific ideas were in the company of many others who came up with great new ideas in the scientific arena. Giordano Bruno, Girolamo Cardano, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, William Gilbert, Johannes Kepler, Paracelsus, John Napier, and Andreas Vesalius are only few of the important Western scientists of the sixteenth century.Besides, this century saw the birthing of Copernicus theory, the import of new plant species from the Americas into Europe, and new inventions that revolutionized manufacturing and other features of living. The wheel-lock musket, the helicopter, the spinning wheel, the pocket watch, the dive bell, the seed drill, the camera obscura, the knitting machine, the compound microscope, the Gregorian Calendar, and the enameling of pottery were all brought into the world in the sixteenth century. So, while religion disappointed people, science brought renewed hope of existence through new products and discoveries. No scientist could be killed in the name of sc ience. Hence, science was safely meant to stay on in the West in spite of the good or bad luck of religion.Bibliography1. Clark, Lindsay. The Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th Century. Available from http//www.historynet.com/. Internet accessed 31 March 2007. 2. Hogge, Alice. Gods Secret Agents queen regnant Elizabeths Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot. New York HarperCollins Publishers, 2005. 3. MacroHistory. How the Idea of Religious Tolerance Came to the West. Available from http//www.fsmitha.com/review/index.html. Internet accessed 31 March 2007. 4. Lewis, Jone Johnson. Women Saints Doctors of the Church. London Penguin, 1998. 5. magic trick Dragon Multimedia. Timeline 16th Century. Available from http//www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline16.html. Internet accessed 31 March 2007. 6. Olin, John. Catholic Reformation From Cardinal Ximenes to the Council of Trent, 1495-1563. New York Fordham University Press, 1990. 7. Pollen, J. H. The Counter Reformation. The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York K. Knight, 2004.

Role Of The Nurse In Safe Administration Of Oral Medication Nursing Essay

Role Of The Nurse In Safe Administration Of Oral Medication Nursing EssayAdministration of medicines to adults who are physically ill or injured is part of the adult nurses responsibility to provide holistic care and promote health (Veitch Christie 2007). euphonys are manufactured in several forms and can be administered by different routes. According to the form of the musics there are different requirements and equipment for their administration and storage (Burton and Donaldson 2007). This essay will focus on the administration of oral exam medicines, the standards and the legal requirements for their safe administration. The essay will besides look at areas where problems are most likely to arise and will describe the measures which nurses can gather up to ensure endurings gumshoe when administering oral medicines.The National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) defines uncomplaining safety as a process which involves identification, analysis and management of risks and incide nts, including medication errors so potential or actual harm to patients can be prevented or minimised. Medication errors have a significant wedge on patients, their families and health professionals involved. They can compromise patients safety and result in actual harm to patients. A total of 72,482 medication errors of which 14,111 caused harm of various extents to patients and 37 resulted in shoemakers last were reported to the NPSA (2009) in one year. The same report showed that nearly half of the incidents were concerned with administration of medicines. Another report by the Department of Health (2004) estimated the terms of medication errors in NHS hospitals between 200-400 million per year. Therefore it is vital that nurses adopt safe, methodical and skilled approach to administration of medicines.LEGALThe management of all medicines in the United Kingdom is governed by several legislations, the Standards for Medicine Management (2008) and the Standards of conduct, perfo rmance and ethics issued by the NMC (2008). The Standards outline the nurses responsibilities in relation to the current UK legislations. Burton Donaldson (2007) summarise these legislations in the latest edition of the Foundations for Nursing Practice. The Medicines Act (1968) regulates the requirements by which medicines are manufactured, prescribed and administered. The Medicines Act (1968) also classifies medicines into four categories which are Prescription solitary(prenominal) medicines (POMs), Pharmacy only medicines (Ps), General sales medicines (GSLs) and Control drugs (CDs).The Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) and the Misuse of Drugs Regulations (1985) provide the legal framework for the management of the controlled drugs and differentiate medicines according to the level of harm they whitethorn cause. The amiable Capacity Act (2005) provides the foundations for care delivery including medicine administration to people who lack the ability to make informed decisions. For Scot land these foundations are contained within The Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act (2003) and The Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act (2000). These regulations are in place to assist and guide nurses and are fundamental in protecting patient safety. Anex1 of the Standards for Medicine Management (NMC 2008) specifies the nurses responsibility to comply with these regulations.However the administration of medication is not solely a mechanistic task to be performed and requires more than just spare-time activity written instructions (NMC 2004). In respect to oral medicines and their administration the nurse should take a person centred approach and assess and assist each patient individually according to patients general condition. Kelly and Wright (2009) draw attention on the high number of medication administration errors in patients with swallowing difficulties, where physiological abnormalities can lead to difficulties in swallowing of liquids or tablets. Griffith (2005) suggests that alternative form of medicines should be considered if patients have difficulties swallowing tablets. The nurses responsibility in this respect is to perform the initial and ongoing assessment of patients condition to establish the suitableness of certain type of oral medicine and the ability of the patient to take this medicine (NMC 2008).Physical or mental health conditions could also have an impact on the medication compliance by patients leading to crushing, mixing or disguising medicines in food or drink (Kelly Wright 2009). The Department of Health (2010) and The National Prescribing philia (2010) outline the parameters and principles for safe mixing of medicines and the nurses role in this relation. Following these principles when nurses consider mixing of medicines they should always act in line with local policies, consult a pharmacist and obtain written instructions and also obtain consent from patients.Crushing and mixing of medicines without a car eful assessment and justification could present safety risks for patients and nurses (Paparella 2010) because of their chemical formulations. Examples of these are the enteric coated tablets, slow released formulations and products containing carcinogenic substances. Crushing or splitting of these medicines may lead to undesirable effects for example inadvertent rapid absorption. Griffith (2005) points out the legal consequences of crushing tablets. If crushing of oral formulation results in harm for the patient the nurse responsible will be likely for negligence. Paparella (2010) suggests simple steps such as careful consideration whether a tablet is safe to crush and consultations with pharmacist could significantly minimise the risk for patients and nurses. It is also essential that nurses have a sufficient level of knowledge of how medicines interact with the human body in order to be able to observe if they reach the desired therapeutic effect and to avoid any adverse reacti ons (NMC 2008).Covert administration of medicines represents not only safety risks to patients but also has legal and honourable aspects which nurses have to consider before making a decision for such action (Griffith 2007).Although most of the nurses do not prescribe medicines it has been found that the administration of a wrong pane of glass of medicine causes the largest number of deaths and serious harm to patients, followed by the administration of wrong medicine and omitted or delayed medicine (NPSA 2009). Subsequently, administering wrong dose of medicines has been linked to poor mathematical skills (Pentin Smith 2010). The nurses responsibility in connection with administering correct doses of oral medicines is outlined in the Standards for medicine administration (NMC 2008) which states the nurses must be aware of the patients care plan, check prescription and dosage before administering medicines.Administering of a wrong oral medicine is often associated with similar me dicine or patient names, packaging, labelling or poor storage systems (NPSA 2009). This is particularly common issue in nursing and care homes where no wrist bands for identification are used (Pountney 2010). refinementSafe administration of medicines requires a methodical approach that follows local policies (Burton,C Donaldson,J 2007).

Reception of photography

Reception of photographyUsing a broad range of critical, satirical, and photographic texts, assess the pagan reception of photography in the middle nineteenth cytosine. The mid nineteenth century was a time of great technological advancement, and a more newfangled font way of living came to be that bought with it significant cultural and social change. The industrial age was in full swing (as a consequence of the recent teaching of the steam engine), and photography was an exciting (but similarly intimidating) engineering science that groundd incredible debate surrounds its precondition as an art form, and withal the ethical and social issues its conception invoked. Although Daguerre/ cast Talbots victorian audience were generally a receptive and willing one ready to embrace immature and exciting engineering science (Goldberg 1991), there is significant order that shows a mixed cultural reception in regards to the emergence of aboriginal photographic processes. Wells (2004 p.12) press outs thathailed as a great technological invention, photography direct became the subject of debates concerning its aesthetic status and social uses Henisch (1994 pg.2) agrees stating intense controversies raged concerning its status and role in society. photography had a huge impact on the Victorian society, and in 1839 artist Paul Delaroche is said to have claimed hysterically upon first recogniseing a daguerreotype photograph, from this day painting is dead. Japanese artist Renjio Shinoke also reportedly snapped his paintbrushes and start a pioneer of early Japanese photography (Eastman 1962). Whilst these examples atomic total 18 clearly overt exaggerations (almost to the point of satire) , they also highlight genuine fears and anxieties felt by artists (especially portrait) and critics alike, which touch on and engaged the Victorian society in a plethora of debates surrounding the cultural, ethical and social impact the emergence of photography raised . The majority reliable its ability to record mechanically accurate images that argon free of discrimination, but photographys status as an art form (or a creative medium) was much slight certain, and something that was fiercely contested. Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867), a cut Poet artist (and well known and very vocal critic of early photography) wroteIf photography is brooked to deputize for art, it will not be long before it has supplanted or corrupted art altogether (Baudelaire 1859 pg.297)Baudelaire suggests photography scarce if should not be allowed to supplant more traditional artistic methods, and to allow it do so would not only undermine, or negatively impact art, but corrupt it altogether. Baudelaire was not alone, as Goldberg (1991 pg.10) declares William Wordsworth shared in Baudelaires cynical weigh of photography, and in the 1840s penned a sonnet which declared the degradation of mans noblest attire, and expressed fears that a dumb art would lead his once-inte llectual land back to the caves. Here Wordsworth is stipulating photographys potential to cue the death of human intellect, and again, whilst such arguments are surely sensationalist, these declarations shows that not only was there an opposition to photographys ability to render art useless, but also a fear that its mechanical nature would dumb down society by removing a large part of the human aspect from the creative process. Both views show people believed (among what we can consider high artists) that photography was a genuine threat to the fine arts of the time. Perhaps artists felt threatened by the technology? Threatened by its ability to so effortlessly paint reality, and ultimately achieve what they had been trying to do for long? Satirical publications in circulation in the mid nineteenth century, of which Punch magazine was the most popular, produced a number of cartoons highlighting these very issues. One such untitled illustration (1860 pg. 140) portrays a fashionable photographer forbidding smoking in his studio, as he declares himself not a common artist. Clearly an underhanded attack on the attitudes photographers took to their work which wasnt shared by their critics. Another satirical sketch, titled How the Famous Photographer Nadar Elevates Photography to the Level of subterfuge show the French artist and photographer Flix Nadar taking to the set up in an air balloon, clutching a camera under his arm, physically lifting photography into the realms of high art. Such a picture of absurdity is surely meant to openly clapperclaw photography and its quest to be recognised as fine art. The latter picture serves a secondary purpose though, as Nadar was famous for his unsuccessful seek to build a gigantic air balloon named Le Gant (or The Giant) around the same time as his photographic exploits. These are notwithstanding two examples of many cartoons published around the mid nineteenth century that served to ridicule not only photographys q uest for a higher status, but also many criticized the photographic studios and the rising popularity of carte de visite . In the photographic studios defence, famous photographic studio owner Richard Beard ran a series of advertisements for his transmission line that served as much to promote his business as they did to promote photography as an art form. Close scrutiny of one of his earliest advertisements (Beard 1843) circulated in 1843 reveals the words Photography is indeed as grand a step in the fine arts as the steam engine was in the mechanical arts. This isnt to say everybody had fuss accepting photography as true art, as many did indeed lament the skill that was requisite of a competent photographer, and the innate talent required to turn out a successful exposure. A Victorian periodical titled erstwhile a Week published in 1862 states that To produce a good photograph, it requires a thoroughly artistic hand. Francious Argo (1930), when asked by the French government to assess the daguerreotypes successes concluded that M Daguerres wonderful discovery is an immense service rendered to art. This prompted the French government to subsidise Daguerre a pension of 6,000 francs for life, and his son 4,000 on the understanding they could use and adapt it for their own need (Goldberg 1991). Newell states that Argos memorandum mustnt be demandn as a reflection of the attitudes of all artists to the new discovery. It appears that it was mainly established artists that held the biggest contempt for photography, and I believe not only suggests a fear for their livelihoods, but also a fear that the status of artist, usually reserved for a chosen few, would know be available to anyone with enough money to purchase a camera. It is challenging to rattling gauge just how profoundly photography affected art in these early days, but it can be certain it was definitely believed at least possible by many that photography could be a form of artistic expression. as G oldberg (1981 pg.20) states photography and art have always been tangled, are tangled still.Millions of daguerreotype portrait photographs were taken in the 1840s and 1850s (to the dismay of photographys critics) as it began to supersede the more traditional painted portraitures. As Goldberg (1991 pg.12) statesAfter 1839 people who were not slopped enough to commission portraits by a painter like Jean-Augusta-Dominique Ingres were no longer had to do with silhouettes and stiff pink renditions of their faces turned out by gipsy painters Portrait painters simply couldnt supply the demand necessary, and the affordability and extravagant turnaround of mainly studio based daguerreotype photographers (there were also the travelling carts) could offer was simply impossible to match. photographic studios were the staple of early photography, the most famous of which were the Beard chain of studios (aptly ran by Richard Beard) which began opening in London in 1943. His studios were incredi bly successful and lucrative business opportunity at the time, as the deal he made with Daguerre (who held the patent to his process) ensured his studios were the only ones in the UK throughout the early years of photography. Punch magazine (18 ran pointion(predicate) satirical cartoons that highlighted what appears to be a clear distaste for the photographic studio. One cartoon named Step in, and be done sir features a cat trying to claw a mouse into a photographic studio. More an echo of the society in which photography was operating, this piece could be looked at in a number of different ways. Perhaps the photographer being the cat (fat cat) and the enchanted lower/middle classes being the mice, echoing how the sitters are led into the studios under what could be considered mendacious pretences in order to have their money relieved of them. Julia F rice beer (2009 pg.167) statesGeorge Dodd personified the by-then popular process of photography as the optical stranger, and as strange, scientific, mournful, all at once. Such a figuration typifies the Victoria reaction to the uncanny qualities of the new technology.This statement was retrieved from an article entitled Busy with the photograph, published on April 29th 1854, and encapsulates the mixed reactions of the Victorian public towards early photography and more importantly the photographic studio. The idea of the optical stranger was one that was re-enforced by La Gazette de France in 1839, as they declared the invention of photography upsets all scientific theories of light and optics. The whole act of having ones picture taken was seen by many as a sibylline and bizarre concept, and the resulting exposures were much cited as too-real images (Munro 2009 p.168) and encouraged diverse reaction, ranging from that of excitement, to anxiety and fear, often leading to suggestions of magic (the transfiguration of the common photographer to the role of a whizz or illusionist). Literature from the mid ni neteenth century is rife with personal accounts of visits to local daguerreotype photographers studios and the wonders of photography. A letter, published in the Times newspaper in 1852, where-by a middle aged man talks of his recent visit to a photography studio discusses how with a fluttering heart he approaches the mysterious apartment. He is of course simply referring to a typical early photographic studio setup, but these anxieties were very real for the everyday person. Another letter, written by a women this time, was published in the Times newspaper in 1854 describes the photographer disappearing into a mysterious closet and alludes to some hocus pocus being indulged in before he returns with the exposed plate. The photos were perceived as taking on a life of their own to a naive Victorian subject. The tone and lack of colour often provoked reactions of dismay, and many linked what were known as the dark mysterious chambers to execution houses (Munro 2009). The footling sti ff chairs (encouraging the sitter to sit upright), complete with leg clamps. Further controversy was sown by the nature of daguerreotype. Many referred the way a photograph could only be viewed in certain light, and as Munro (2009 pg.172) puts it seemingly wasnt to be seen one moment, only to burst into view the next. Being photographed and indeed point seeing a photograph were completely new and exotic experiences. For many Victorians, photography was too-real, and a large part of the fear was simply a natural reaction to the newness of the communicative medium, and novelty of a strange new and exotic process (Munro 2009 pg.169). The quoted realness of the photos could suggest a sense of fear relating to just how life like the photos were to a first time viewer, or suggest a much more deep routed fear related to magic and the unknown. It wasnt only the daguerreotype that achieved large scale success among the Victorian public. A large parcel out in what was known as carte de vis ite photographs soon came about after their circulation became widespread, as highlighted in the Victorian periodical Once a Week. Carte de visite photographs were small paper portrait photographs which usually originated from the albumen process (which allowed for paper based prints to be made from the negative, meaning it was a simple process to produce copies). Once a Week (1862 pg 135) states Literary men have a constant sale and their carte de visites were bought for every album. It becomes clear that collecting these small portrait photographs of the well-to-do and famous was a popular pastime among the middle classes. It became so popular among the middle classes that it was often referred to as Cardomania (Once a Week 1862). We can clearly see that there was a need for photography, but these needs arose after its introduction and were not in place before its conception. There was certainly something about early photography which caused an anxiety in the general public, but also fascinated them enough to endure it (even embrace it).It is now widely accepted that photography wasnt truly discovered until 1839, as it was then that Daguerre and Fox Talbot made their discoveries of early photographic processes, the daguerreotype and calotype respectively, and shared them with the world. Goldberg (1991) agrees that it was much anterior when people began to realise a need and take interest in using light as a way of recording images, the need to preserve a moment accurately and without discrimination. Goldberg (1991 pg.10) goes on to state that desire was abroad to catch nature in a net, and that photography came to serve a much needed purpose, one that had been recognised much earlier that its first conception. Indeed as early as the late eighteenth century, devices such as the camera obscura (optical device used mainly to aid drawing) and camera lucida (a piece of technology which allowed artists the ability to precisely record contours of landscape) were rife, and captured the eye of professional and amateur artists alike. Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877), sometimes referred to as the Grandfather of Photography, was one of many people searching for an answer to the void that existed before the conception of photography, and was most interested in its ability to record nature accurately. Talbot states is his manual The Pencil of record (1844) that his photography should be thought of as photogenic drawing. Talbot (1844) goes on to say he pursued his development of the calotype photographic process mainly as a result of his poor ability as an artist. Lewis (1996 pg.16) statesThe canon of images to which we are so attached reveals as much and perhaps more about the intervening centuryTalbots photography, The Open Door for instance, appears to serve very little artistic purpose, and could merely be interpreted as a mechanically accurate recording, something he was simply incapable of doing by hand. On the other it could be seen as an examp le of how photography could supplant the more traditional arts, an early example of the photographers ability to shape, to frame, and to counterfeit reality how he saw fit. We may never know, as whilst we are able to appreciate early photographs, it is impossible to know the original context, how they were read, and indeed, what made them purposeful to the society of which they were a product. It is even more difficult to gauge the early intentions of photographic pioneers. Many widely believed that photography was going to bring a accuracy to society that had never been seen, its potential as a impartiality bearer, and an accurate recorder of history. Ernst Mach, an Austrian empiricist (ironically) stated How tranquil politics will be, and even the notorious critic Baudelaire (1859 pg. 297) stated photography could be considered a handmade of the arts and sciences although he goes on to say a very humble handmaid. lodge became increasingly aware of its benefits as a scientific tool and embraced the possibilities this afforded with open arms A new found purpose perhaps, a commitment to relating to truth? As Goldberg (1981 pg. 16) statesThe engine was an extension of the muscle, the telegraph a superhuman voice, and the photograph an unblinking eye with a new outlook on history and familiarityBaudelaire (1859) also suggests photography was merely a sign of the times, showing that links were made between the mechanical nature of photography and societies rising industrial intrepidity and reliance on machines. The unstoppable rise of industry so to speak. Wells (2004) states a society will also invest and put time into developing new technologies in order to help satisfy previously unseen social needs, and goes on to summarise (2004 pg. 12) that photography was a consequence, and not a cause of stopping point. I believe that photography was not a cause of change, but an answer to an unforeseen social need brought about by the emerging modern metropolitan lifestyle. It has become clear to me that there certainly was a need for photography, and the Victorians were fascinated with it, whether they loved it or hated it. As Bede (1855) begins is his satirical deem Photographic Pleasure with a metaphor comparing men and womens intrigue with photography to the same intrigue they hold for a human childThe ladies are enamoured of him The gentlemen evince their affection by suggestions for his improvement, and by general attention to his welfare.All are fond of him everyone is declaring that he is the most beautiful baby yet born to Science.It is all told feasible that the reason it raised such widespread controversy, why it was so widely debated, and ultimately why it was so popular as an amateur hobbyhorse or leisure pursuit was simply because the technology was still in its infancy. It was still new, and fresh. Artists were fearful of photography , not only because their jobs were endangered, but also their status as artists. A profess ion usually only available to a truly gifted few now had the potential to be available to anyone. These critics only served to fuel the anxieties that were common place among the general public, but, despite this, the public did allow photography room to grow (albeit carefully, and with great caution and concern). It was a new technology which people needed time to come to terms with, time to understand, and time to flourish and co-exist peacefully with other more established art forms in the new, fast paced, and modern Victorian metropolitan lifestyle.BibliographyWELLZ, L. 2004. Photography A critical introduction. Oxford Routledge.CLARKE, G. 1997. The Photograph. Oxford Oxford University Press.BAUDELAIRE, C. 1859. The Salon of 1859. Unknown.BRIGGS, A. 1998. A Victorian Portrait. London Cassell Publishers Limited.GOLDBERG, V. 1991. The Power of Photography How photographs changed our lives. New York Abbeville Publishing Group.BEARD, R. 1843. advertizing Accessed 2rd declination 20 09. Available from http//www.gettyimages.com/detail/73604552/Hulton-ArchiveGOLDBERG, V. 1981. Photography in Print Writings from 1816 to the present. New York University of New Mexico PressGREEN-LEWIS, J. 1996. Framing the Victorians. New York Cornell University Press.HEINZ, K. 1994. The Photographic Experience 1839-1914. pascal Pennsylvania State University Press.MARIEN, M. 1997. Photography and its Critics. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. MUNRO, J. F. July 2009 The Optical Stranger Photographic anxieties in British periodical literature of the 1840s and 1850s. Journal of early popular visual culture 7(2) pp167-183.UNKNOWN. 1860 Punch magazine October 6th. p.140UNKNOWN. 1861 Punch magazine June 1st pg.221ARGO, F. 1930 Bulletin de la Socit Fran?aise de PhotographieNEWELL, B., and R. DOTY. 1962. The value of photography to the artist, 1839. The Bulletin of the George Eastman House of Photography online. 11 (6), Accessed December 2nd 2009, pp. 25-40. Available From http//image. eastmanhouse.org/files/GEH_1962_11_06.pdfDaumier, H. 1862. How the Famous Photographer Nadar Elevates Photography to the Level of Art Accessed 3rd December 2009. Available from http//www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/463-5227BEDE, C. 1855. Photographic Pleasures. London T McLean.UNKNOWN. 1862 Once a Week. UnknownTALBOT, H. F. 1844. The Open Door Accessed 4th December 2009. Available from http//cai.ucdavis.edu/waters-sites/aesthetic_movement/opendoorphoto.jpgBEARD, R. 1843. Advertisement Accessed 2rd December 2009. Available from http//www.gettyimages.com/detail/73604552/Hulton-ArchiveDaumier, H. 1862. How the Famous Photographer Nadar Elevates Photography to the Level of Art Accessed 3rd December 2009. Available from http//www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/463-5227TALBOT, H. F. 1844. The Open Door Accessed 4th December 2009. Available from http//cai.ucdavis.edu/waters-sites/aesthetic_movement/opendoorphoto.jpg

The Entrepreneurial Network In Entrepreneurial Process Business Essay

The entrepreneurial Network In Entrepreneurial Process Business EssayWith the intensify of globalization, many of the research show that engagement gravel an burning(prenominal) element for the bon ton which requirement to entry into youthful marketing, bring a capital profit. many an(prenominal) kinds of vane ar shew by the researchers. Explore communicate is a major(ip) work for the enterprisers. During the entrepreneurial member, mesh topologys could be change in the opposite process entrepreneurs changed the network with aim of developing the club. Base on these 3 fortunes, in this thesis we focus on this main questionHow to change the affair of entrepreneurial network during the take issueent entrepreneurial processes and what kind of impacts will impact on the entrepreneurial process?In the first chapter, we decide to introduce background near entrepreneurial network and talk many main idea of this topic. Then acknowledge some theories to support this top ic, In intrusive the put of entrepreneurial network, we find out that a model do by Nancy J. Miller, Terry L. Besser and Sandra Sattler Weber (2010) is suitable for our analyze. After then, based on the ternion cases, give some opinions to analyses these cases, and specify forward some discussion about what kind of entrepreneurial network during the different entrepreneurial process, and to explain why this phenomenon would be exist?Finally, we ignore establish conclusion, different contexts of the entrepreneurial process, the caller has to establish different networks.INTRODUCTIONIn this part, we provide background information and which field is this paper study in. In addition, it concludes what we want to answer and which method we want to using up.By reading all iii cases, there gravels an essential idea to show that entrepreneurial network is c arful for an entrepreneur. It answers entrepreneur start them enterprise and help him to produce successful yields. And e ntrepreneurial network is kind of special channels which new venture enterprises obtain information, resources and societal support. research worker shows that entrepreneurial network have influence the growth of the new enterprise, as intumesce as found that is the causal affinitys between entrepreneurial network and the stagecoach of growing enterprise (Donckel Lambrechet,1996). And also by this article acknowledgmented that the productions of the enterprise want to reap considerable development and innovation, It must be focus on communication with cooperation partners, customers and suppliers. Innovation network plays a positive role in the development of new enterprise (Duchesneau Gartner, 1988).Butler and Hansen (1991) have explained that a successful enterprise ask development the importance of networking in entrepreneurial process.Accordingly, there is indeed our understanding as follow questions(1) What entrepreneurial network is and how they operate within proce ss in the enterprise?(2)What is the role of entrepreneurial network during the entrepreneurial processThe first question seems important to three cases which the enterprise established an entrepreneurial network to help to creating new products and selling well in markets, and then growing his venture. Further much, our separate is interested in this field of the entrepreneur use different networks in different ways. By focusing each case on both the start-up and the on-going this studies tries to give an overview about entrepreneurial networks in their different phase.With the tendency of multinationalization and globalization, to extend that the role of entrepreneurial network is also precise significant in those develop of three staunchs. Those three entrepreneurs would not just only depend on themselves just to achieve their goals. And then our group suggested that a successful entrepreneur, they need supports from external actor such as early(a) uniform functions unwave ringlys, supporting institutions, and relatives and friends or colleagues. beforehand we further analyze the role of network within entrepreneurial process. In another(prenominal)wise words, how we ask entrepreneurial network in different operating process. supposed REVIEW2.1 Entrepreneurial NetworkSince the 1990s, with the rapid development of entrepreneurial research, as well as the degree of raising attention to network, entrepreneurial network has become an important role in the field of condescension. Howeverthe researchers also admitted that theory of entrepreneurial network is still researching in this domain because it is lack of the core of the definition. establish on the animate research, follow this part with discussing different scholars from the different definition of entrepreneurial network, and then there will be a relatively arrogant explanation about entrepreneurial network.Szarka (1990) separate entrepreneurial networks into three components transaction networks, communication networks and tender networks. The transaction network is defined as commercial step in trade between other ships companion and other organizations, and its formed by the trading partners of the family. The transaction network is interacts with the communication network and the complaisant networks. The communication network (Szarka 1990) describe that is the the small firm need collection of those organizations and individuals to fill up the non-trading links which inform its business activities such as consultants and banks, the local and central political sympathies and its agents or distributor. Communication content (Aldrich and Whetten 1981) describe that can be formal or informal is the passing of information one person to another.Szarka (1990) intention the social network is formed by family, friends and acquaintances. Such contacts are important because they have an impact upon the development of their firm.However, the different identification was done by Birley (1985). He divides entrepreneurial networks into two form formal and informal. Formal networks include relations to, for example, banks, accountants, etc. Informal network is relations with family members, friends, colleagues or employers and acquaintances or customers.Bryson et al. (1993) dual-lane entrepreneurial networks into three categories demand-related networks, supply-related networks, and support network. Bryson et al. (1993) have emphasized informal support networks, but not social networks. According to Bryson et al. (1993), the demand-related network comprises ties closely with clients, which aim to obtaining new business with the sustainment or establishment of contacts with clients. The second type that is the supply-related network covers network ties associated with the cooperative supply of service or product. The third considers of support networks, their function such ilk banks, business advisers, family and friends.Butler and Hansen (1991) identify three types of networks social network, business foc utilize network and inter-organizational strategic network. They suggest that at the entrepreneurial process of a business, the social network provide ideas for the entrepreneur. The business focused networks then develops gradually and is influenced by the nature of the entrepreneurs social network. The final stage, that is the ongoing phase, inter-organizational strategic networks not only pull down the firms risk of failure but also provide advantages which are not obtainable as an isolated entity.In this study, entrepreneurial networks are defined as personal relationships between an entrepreneur and his external actors (Aldrich and Zimmer 1985, Birley 1985, Johannisson 1986).The external actors (outsiders) would conclude two parts, such as individuals or organizations. If entrepreneurs want to obtain necessary resources, they should figure of speech up such network relationships (contacts).Above the scholars descri be the psychoanalysis of the entrepreneurial network .We can concept that is affiliate of the denary actors and connections superposed to become the integrity of the network in the development process of entrepreneurs or new innovation enterprise.2.2 Different process in entrepreneurial networksThe role of entrepreneurial networks in relation to new business development is a combat-ready process. Importantly, networks are not static they are dynamic (Birley and Cromie 1988, Butler and Hansen 1991). That means the phases of a business venture needs enrich their network. So the network have to be developed in different types of process, which the firm needs expanding function support and strategic change. For example, social networks are very important in the beginning of the entrepreneurial process (Birley 1985, Butler and Hansen 1991), while business networks are important in the start-up phase of a firm (Chu 1996, Greve 1995). For an on-going business firm, links with other orga nizations, particularly links with other firms become important because inter-organizational networks that include supporting agencies (government institutions, banks ) and other firms(large or small firms) are a way to protect information and ensure resource about exploring markets and channels for entrepreneurs. This enhances their position and allows them to compete more effectively (Aldrich, Reese, and Dubini 1989, Aldrich and Zimmer 1986).To understand networks requires an understanding of the dynamic pattern of networks.Figure 2.1 illustrates the dynamic nature of the entrepreneurial networks.However, Birley and Cromie (1988) analyze only social and professional networks during the early stages of a firm. Chu (1996) also found that by maintaining the existing networks and seeking new members, members appropriate for different phases join the network, improving the chances for the business to progress. Those three entrepreneurs in our three cases would not just only depend on t hemselves alone to achieve their goals. To do a successful entrepreneur, they need supports and resources from external network which could keep their companies produce the creative and attractive products, such as other similar functions firms, supporting institutions, and relatives and friends or colleagues.As mentioned above, (Ostgaard and Birley1996) recently studied the effectiveness of personal networks in terms of firm performance and growth. The findings confirmed the importance of networks for firm performance and development. However, the supporting network is the most important for on-going firms. According to Curran et al. (1993) article, support networks provide advice, information, and capital to firms. However, these variables are important for researching entrepreneurial networks. Studies on Entrepreneurial network mainly based on connecting theory in network.In 1991, Butler and Hansen also evaluate a model of entrepreneurial network. They make a use of their entrepr eneurial network model to research the influence of entrepreneurial opportunities, to test and use of networks in the development of establishing businesses, and to explore the process in the role of inter-organizational network, especially the process of start-up firms and on-going firms. However, entrepreneurial networking is a dynamic process. The members in networks and their roles change over time.2.3 ModelEntrepreneurial network and behavior of Entrepreneur are the typical sides of present-day(a) entrepreneurship research. The behavior of entrepreneur always limit to the specific network scenarios. In one aspect, entrepreneurial network influence entrepreneur. Meantime, entrepreneurs are changing the structure, function and relationship of the network.Although network researchers like Falemo (1989) found that developed networks are one important way for a manager to acquire resources to the firm, the question is how to develop such networks. Our group were interesting about t he Larson Starrs Model to explain the degree of choosing network to obtain the entrepreneurial network.Larson Starrs Model is the foundation model of entrepreneurial network. Larson and Starrs (1993) stage network model of organization formation explains how exchange relationship transform from a rig of relatively simple dyadic exchanges into a dense stupefy of stable, multidimensional inter-oganizational relationships. definite relationship are selected, added, dropped, or allowed to evolve while the entrepreneur culls and grows the range of possible critical resource providers for a new venture (Larson and Starr, 1993).In searching the model of entrepreneurial network, we find out that a model made by Nancy J. Miller, Terry L. Besser and Sandra Sattler Weber (2010) is suitable for us to analysis the three cases in order to find out the answer of our questions. In this model, they combined both Larson Starrs Model and Sawhney and Zabins thoughts. Not only focused on transforma tion process which divided into three stages such as focusing on the essential dyads, converting dyadic ties to socio-economic, Layering the exchanges (Larson and Starr (1993)), but also focused on the relational organization during running a firm.( Sawhney Zabin (2002)).Figure 2.2 Model combining relational equity (Sawhney and Zabin, 2002) and organization formation(Larson and Starr, 1993* )(Nancy J. Miller, Terry L. Besser, Sandra Sattler Weber, (2010))P1. Firm owners recognize challenges (or opportunities) that transform their strategy from one of competition to cooperation with other similar businesses.P2. Resource exchange relationships are vital for development/advancement of a network.P3. Managing and maintaining a network as a viable organization requires varied and free burning member interactions and perceptions of direct business benefits derived from cooperation.(Nancy J. Miller, Terry L. Besser, Sandra Sattler Weber, (2010)) METHODSIn this chapter we will conclude the research methods adapt to our study. We will provide explanation to our choices of the accepted research methods as we go along with describe as followThis article was conducted in three independent cases of small born global companies in terms of network. The case method facilitates a deeper understanding of the context (Yin, 2003). All three companies were established around 1980 in northern part of Sweden and acquired some financial aids from Swedish Government at the initial stage of the business. In all three cases the founders started their business on their own. They started companies on the basis of their family without external person. All of the entrepreneurs in those firms had a one man show and owner, CEO, responsible for production and development.The principal data used in this article consisted of case and theory data. The case data includes the conduction of research in these areas micturately internationalization, entrepreneurship, and strategy. The data was coll ected through snowball sampling. Potter (1996) explains the snowball method as one that begins with a purposive examine in which key informant that can provide important insights are selected. Snowball sampling can be placed within a wider set of link-tracing methodologies that seek to take advantage of the social networks of identified respondents and provide a researcher with an ever-expanding set of potential contacts (Spreen, 1992). Except the owner, managers, former employees, business partners, friends, family members, suppliers, and customers all made some contribution to the date gather.The theory data were collected through internal reports, newspaper articles, annual reports, thesis, photograph, and articles on the internet. Its a second hand data. It can enhance reliability and content validity. There are two fold of purpose for using this kind of data firstly, to enrich the empirical case with multiple descriptions, which improve its trustworthiness and enhances content validity (Rouse and Daellenbach, 1999) secondly, to enhance reliability by triangulating the data method (Creswell, 1994).The main database we use is the google scholar. We try to find the theory and models about network. After reading the data, we find out a question we want to focus on. Next we select the model and use the model to analysis the three cases. Then we analysis and discuss the cases, we get our own conclusion and set up our own model in the ending. CASES4.1 pole star GroupStaffan Preutz, the owner of Polaris, set up his networks which help him a lot in his business when he is young. Also he tries anyway he can do to establish the network.Polaris group is privately-owned niche partnership that manufactures and sells rimless eyewear. From 1979 to 2007, this company has a well development. The total sales and foreign sales were increased stably. And the number of employees increased apace in the first 6 years, then went down, and increased again. In these years, Pala ris is designing, forming, developing, and selling a wide range of rimless eyewear. Its main market is Japan and get together Kingdom. In the process of establishing and developing the company, the owner of this companyStaffan Preutzs network really help it.When Preutz was 15 years old, he worked in his fathers shop. At the same time, his standtown was invaded by mountain from outer space. These were young boys around 20-25 years old from different parts of Europe, which were hitch hiking to North Cape in Norway. When the young Preutz was bicycling to and from his fathers shop he used to meet these hitchhikers sitting beside the roads and waiting for cars to give them a ride. Usually he stopped and tries talking to them for a while. Outside Boden, the family had an old precise barn which was previously used to store food in. Preutz cleaned the both floors of this barn, furnished it with some old effs and started a youth hostel for the hitchhikers. He continued this business for quintet summers until he was 20 years old. During these years, he established many connections, which he still has today.In 1963, when Staffan Preutz is 22, he found an exhibition catalog with the name and addresses to ten eyewear manufacturers in Europe. His aim was to be able to learn from the manufacturers and at the same time visit his friends (from the youth hostel) in Europe. During these years, Staffan worked as an optician in his fathers shop.As one of the five members of the product council of Synsam, Staffan was responsible for negotiation and purchasing of new joint collections for the chain. In several occasions he also suggested outlines for collections only when made only for the Synsam chains. Consequently, he got the opportunity to locomote for shorter periods to different parts of Europe. All the buy the farming made him able to develop a network with important players in the industry.In Staffans opinion, one of the main reasons to internationalize his business was to travel and meet new people. With visiting foreign friends, his network starts to work in the international market. Although his aim was never been solely to make funds, the staff need to follow his heart and try to have fun with themselves because of the high stress. So many partners trenchant to leave the company.Also, Staffan has done another something which is helped to his network. He had written a letter to the Swedish King and Queen explaining that he own a small company in North and he is aware that there is an honor and great benefit if they wearing his glasses when they are going to visit the Olympics in the united States. The King and Queen thought he had nice glasses and he wanted Staffan to go to Stockholm. So, Staffan travels down to Stockholm, and together with the king and queen he designs a set of eyewear for each, which later was marketed as Royal Polaris. This behavior helps the company to enter into the international market.With the network, Staffan had run a great business. But in these years, he met a problem that together with himself, also his personal networks are getting older and older. The only country, which he feels that he still can maintain and develop his networks within, is in Japan where high age brings more respect.4.2 Index BrailleBjrn Lfstedt , the runner of a high quality and technically Printer company, is differ from ordinary people when he is young. He starts his company in order to help the people like his mother.Index Braille AB is a privately-owned company which manufactures and sells high quality and technically advanced Braille printers. The company was set up in 1982 by Bjrn Lfstedt. From 1982 to 2007, the company has become well established. The sales have increased fastly from 1995. And the number of employee changed from 2 to 13.When Bjrn Lfstedts childhood friends describe him as a man who didnt care what the others thought, but did go his own ways. He learned technology because his interest. After he graduated from university, he continued to work at the expanding university as a research assistant. As his mother was blind and used to work as administrative assistant, it is not easy for her to use the normal typewriter. In order to make it easier for her, Bjrn started to approximate about how to make a braillewriter. While working as research assistant at the university, he saw the chance to make the idea come true.Bjrn started to work this project, and also managed to involve his colleague Torvald Lundqvist in. In 1980, he managed to persuade one governmental agency and the university board to borrow some money for this project. After four years hard work, in 1983, the first product started to be finalized. At this time, the two partners had different opinions. Torvald thought its time to earn some money, but Bjrn thought there were still a lot of improvements. How since they need additional money, Bjrn asked Rolf sterberg to join the company.In 1984, once the product was spotless and the agreement with the Norwegians was terminated, Bjrn started to look at opportunities for selling products abroad. He started his longest foreign trip ever by travelling around to different countries and demonstrating the product for these distributors. Then, Index started to get more and more orders, so Bjrn asked his closest friend, Staffan Syk to help him.After a few golden years, Index started to have major external and internal problems. Between 1984 and 1988 the firm grows from 2 persons to 12 persons, consisting of friends, wives, other family members and acquaintances. This had eventually led to the fact that Index had lost its main focus. All respondents mention these years as total chaos and anarchy. Everybody was doing what he or she believed in and there was no common focus for Index. Then in 1988, Index was divided into two different firms, Index Braille Printer Company and Polar Print AB. Staffan and his wife started Polar Print AB as an independent Swed ish distributor. At the same time, Bjrn still want to sell his products aboard.After overcome the financial challenging, Bjrn started to enter world market again. This time, he already had a functioning network, so he is more specific in choosing the markets and distributors he want to rush with. This help Bjrn in expand company as he met other challenges. Also, his choice of focusing on the quality of the products first not the money helps the company development. In 1995, the company started to increase very fast. 7 years later, the sales reached 35000 SEK. Finally, as a result, he is succeeded in internationalization.4.3 Liko ABThe present owners of Liko AB( the company is still privately owned by the Liljedahl family),Gunnar and Brabro Liljedahl were founded the company in 1979. The companys name an abbreviation of Liljedahl Konstruktion AB. Liko mainly focus on development ,manufacturing, and marketing of patient lifts, but do also produce stationary lifting, brisk lifting, h orizontal lifting, slings, leg extenders and other accessories for heavy lifting. Liko holds about 60 percent on the Swedish market,45 percent on the Scandinavian market. Liko is ranked the third largest company within this segment having about 20 percent of the world market share.Before he have the ability of decision maker, he spent the 13 years as an employed inventor at the regional health council, travelling with occupational therapists and physiotherapists to construct individual aids for the handicapped.Gunnar had already established a company in 1970 once he left ASEA. The reason why he had established this firm ,Liljedahl Konstruktion ,was because Gunnar had at several times continued to help ASEA with single projects as a constructor .However, in 1977 once Gunnar decided to start selling the inventions of his own. Between 1977 and 1978 the turnover of the firm increased from 0 to15000SEK.In 1977,Gunnar start to realize the large potentials in the firm and therefore he borr owed money to start the new firm Liko which is a limited firm origination from the previous firm, Liljedahl Konstruktion.It is no easy task for Gunnar to establish and develop Liko. He invested by loan on his parents house and land in a small industry building and just himself employee to produces the furniture leg extenders as well as selling very well. Thought the shed of building came to be rebuilt and extended .As Gunnar was solving disablers problems he also got the possibility to get familiar with existing products in health care. So his new products invented for lifting the patient which make more and more people and organizations interesting through spread in the country .From now on Likos growth was tremendous. To be able to have high product quality and low sound level, Gunnar had to buy the best engines available.As he said Competitors didnt realize the importance of having engines that are more safe, durable and silent than the ones used so far .I wanted the best which w as the Swiss made engines. However ,I only needed 100 for fulfilling the order ,but I realized that I would get much better price if I bought more and therefore I gambled by buying 1000 engines from the firm which imported the engines to Sweden. I remember that the sellers at the firm I bought the engines from thought I was a crazy Norrlander since they had never sold so many at one time. I took a great risk and tied-up lots of money in these engines, but I was sure that these were the right engines to use in a sickroom at a hospital.At this time, Gunnar had started to travel around Sweden and participate in different domestic trade fairs to promote this product.When you are in a small niche market as we are ,then the market is very limited in terms of turnover ,and therefore, if you want to grow ,there is no other option than starting to export. I had the philosophy that any sale outside the province in North of Sweden was exporting since you couldnt take care of everything yours elf and must rely on others .For me the Nordic countries were like a home market. It didnt matter if I was exporting to Stockholm or Norway, the distance was the same and both dialects sounded strange .Also, the intensive competition in Sweden due to the number of domestic manufacturers within this segment forced me to look at opportunities abroad.In 1986, Gunners brother as his assistance in exporting the international markets. Already the next year, the company entered the German, American, and Canadian markets .Excluding Germany, this entrance was in opposite to what the traditional stage models propose .The normal path would have been to continue the market entry to other countries in Europe before entering markets outside Europe. Interestingly, the company did enter the US market before the non-Nordic countries .A time after closing the US sales office, Liko found a well-established US distributor to promote Likos product in North America.Followed the case description, we can c onclude that the network is in focuses. Every phase of entrepreneurial process, the network play an important role to develop a firm. The entrepreneurial network is the best way to unify the variety types of network and specifically analysis the entrepreneur decision what the enterprise should do in different phase of process. Consequently, we can summarize that the Likos core competence is the dynamic entrepreneurial network. DISCUSSIONOn account of all three cases, continued-changing network is the key omen. In the start-up of the firm, family network is the core network between relatives, friends and acquaintances during the entrepreneurial process, the network sustaining expand, concluding social network and business network. Entrepreneurs obtain the chance to cooperate with some other companies or agencies, thus, richer network is accumulated so that more and more opportunities will be found. Entrepreneurial network is the holistic network consists of entrepreneurs or start-up enterprise affiliate of multiple subjects, multiple relationship super positions during the entrepreneurial process. The research about the form of entrepreneurial network includes two aspects, the organization network ( authoritative network) and entrepreneurs personal network (informal network). Entrepreneurs with relatives, friends and individual establish network relationship is called the informal network and financial institutions, suppliers, customers, competitors formed networks is called the official network. In the initial stage of the entrepreneurial process, the entrepreneurs have to find opportunity and network from existing resources because of the lack of relation network, and then expand it step by step.5.1 Startup network constructionWhen the early network has been established, the Polaris entrepreneur was just a 15-year-old juvenile. He started a youth hostel for the hitchhikers and support map, food, bed for free to meet and talk to them and get many different cu ltures. Through such experiences, he established many connections, which he still has today. The previous social network has been established. Ozcan (1995) Further found that family is not only a source of employment, partnership. And the initial capital, but also affects the entrepreneurs choose the business. The social network can be divided into two parts including personal network and organizational work. As the figure 5.1 shows, in the start-up network, individual relationships are primarily concerned with business, and the blend point is less. In this stage, social network is more used than professional network. What is the most important thing is that he learned about different cultures, customs and traditions and how to deal with different nationalities. In 1968, at the age of 27, he managed to persuade five opticians to start a new organization called the Synsam chain, and it is the largest optician chain in the Nordic countries with over 300 boutiques associated to it. The initial stage of entrepreneurial process is the most difficult because of the lack of relations, capital and resources. How can he gathered initial five opticians and had chance to develop the firm to the big one? Because he had worked as an optician in his fathers shop, so he had the chance to contact with some other opticians. This experience helps him a lot, for not only accumulated experience, also accumulated contacts. It is the social network, and contact networks are based on inter-personal relations. Without his fathers shop, there was impossible for him to groom a firm so effective and fast. The family network plays vital role in all phases whether it is in relation to the phases or in overall, and is the foundation among the other networks. The higher significance of family network cannot be easily explained only on the basis of economic factors. After being responsible for the chain, the entrepreneur would like to travel to different part of Europe to develop a network with important players in the industry. During his travelling, he tried his best to contact with customers and manufacturers,

Lord Of The Flies - Primitive :: essays research papers

"He looked in astonishment, no longer at himself but at an awesome stranger He began to dance and his joke became a bloodthirsty snarling The face of red and white and black swung through the air" In the novel Lord of the Flies, an account of vulgar religion is apparent in the behavior of the hunting party. Initially, we will explore intone and uniform action and its spiritual effects on the human mind and soul. Secondly, it will be discussed how primitive peoples gain satisfaction from conducting the act of sacrifice. Moreover, this research will go into depth about the transformation into a higher being and know takege of a new identity through ritualistic actions. Finally, primitive societys emphasis on fear-provoking, irrational behavior in comparison to unexampled societys insistence on rationality will be addressed.In a primitive society, chanting is designed to provide a company with benefits such as the acquiring of material possessions, health, and monopoly o ver ones personal circumstances or those of another person. This ritual is performed until one feels satisfied, and/or has been led into spiritual contact with another realm. Another purpose of the chant is for one to feel a powerful being emerge within ones soul, resulting in a god-like sensation for a short amount of time. In the novel, one can perceive that the hunting partys vigorous chant ("Kill the beast Spill her blood") is one of their final retrogressions into savagery. Its repetitious, invigorating verse elates them, and when the procession finally ends, they be get down in a trance-like, mystified demeanor. They develop speaking immediately in excited tones, feeling amazed at the feat they had accomplished. It is written that "the boys chattered and danced", obviously enthralled with their victory. It would be wise to conclude that the boys have derived a sense of power through performing the chant, and they are satisfied with their newfound strength and uniformity. For Jack, chanting is another means of manipulating others. Like one of its benefits to primitive cultures, the chant awards him ultimate control over his entire group. The ritual of the sacrifice is a fundamental element of primitive culture. Primarily, blood sacrifice of an animal is the plebeian means of atonement for a primitive group. Other reasons behind this sacred ritual were to bow down to power, or to declare ones adoration of a god or deity. The ideas behind the gift sacrifice, which existed in the early formation of religion, were thanksgiving and redemption.

Letters From The Samantha :: essays research papers

An interesting short story is "Letters from The Samantha" by Mark Helpin. This story tells the fascinating tale, in the form of never sent letters, of an ape brought alongside an iron-hulled sailing ship in 1909 by Samson lowly, the ships captain. Although the author makes a point to tell the reader, through Samson Low, that the animal does non symbolize anything or mean anything, in fact, "He stands for nothing" (280), several arguments can be made to contradict this. One could argue that the ape symbolized the waste and rarely used wild side of Samson Low through a comparison of their personalities, appearances, and the way they are treated by others. Samson Low was a captain of a ship owned by the Green Star Line. He is a stickler for rules and the proper code of conduct. When writing to his company, he reminds them of "the murder absence of disciplinary action against me" (271). This serves to highlight that he has never been in trouble or broken the rules. He is comfortable and comforted by his convening of obedience and thinks others must be as well "Though my subordinates sometimes complain, they are grateful no doubt, for my firm rule and tidiness" (271). His ship is forever on time or even ahead of schedule. The picture painted is of a steady, reliable, conservative man who always does the appropriate thing in a situation. However, a typhoon the ship sails through reveals a different, less predictable side. When describing the typhoon, Samson thinks, "I confess that I cod wished to be completely taken up by such a thing, to be lifted into the clouds" (272). This is hardly the thought of a truly buttoned-down man. He also imagines surrendering to the seas, "But I have not, and will not." (272). While he seems content with his life, Samson Lows secret yearnings sometimes show through. It is because of this Samson seems jealous of the ape and the things it has experienced. Samson has only dreamed w hile the ape has actu altogethery lived. The ape, when first aboard, climbs the rigging to the highest point from there he has a total view of the ship below and all that goes on much like a "pharaonic" captain would do. While in the rigging the ape shrieks and hollers frightening the crew until the captain climbs up to it.